Egyptian Army chief Field Marshal Abdel Fattah al-Sisi arrives for a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin at the Novo-Ogaryovo state residence outside Moscow, February 13, 2014.
Egypt's army chief, Field Marshal Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, won vast popularity by crushing the Muslim Brotherhood, but even a man seen by his followers as invincible may be unable to fix the mess in the politically sensitive energy sector.
Sisi, who toppled Islamist leader Mohamed Mursi in July and promised to bring calm to Egypt, is expected soon to stage a triumphal run for the presidency in elections due within months.
His first big challenge is likely to be power cuts and fuel shortages - the same issues that plagued Mursi and helped spur mass protests that enabled the army to oust him.
"Sisi is still very popular, but he realizes that Egyptians can go to Tahrir Square tomorrow if his administration is seen as not being as efficient as promised," said Justin Dargin, a Middle East energy expert at the University of Oxford.
Cairo's Tahrir was the hub of protests that ended three decades of one-man rule by President Hosni Mubarak in 2011.
To many Egyptians, Sisi is all-powerful, but industry experts, foreign oil and gas companies and Western diplomats doubt he can take bold steps to tackle Egypt's energy nightmare.
Successive governments have failed to develop a sound strategy to tap major natural gas reserves even as an exploding population boosted demand for the fuel.
Egyptian gas exports began in the mid-2000s, but more than halved from 2008 to 2012. They have now slowed to a trickle, contributing to a global decline in liquefied natural gas (LNG) supplies.
Production from maturing gas fields is declining. The government forecast this month that consumption will outstrip output for the first time in the fiscal years starting in July.
The army-installed government is in a bind.
Gulf Arab donors have propped it up with aid that includes $4 billion in oil products from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, but their diesel is not compatible with Egypt's gas-based power plants and big factories.
NOWHERE TO TURN
Qatar bailed out Egypt with extra gas during Mursi's rule, but his ouster badly soured ties with Cairo. Like its predecessor, the interim government has failed to secure a means of importing LNG directly, so Egypt has nowhere to turn for gas.
A tender for a floating LNG import terminal has been pending since October. Even if it was in place, experts say nothing can match the favorable swap deal Qatar gave Egypt last year.
"We have enough installed capacity but the problem is with fuel," said Aktham Abouelela, spokesman for the Electricity Ministry. "It is not good for power plants to run on diesel."
Egypt's energy troubles are rooted in fuel subsidies that cost the government $15 billion a year, a fifth of the state budget. The money keeps pump prices well below market values, giving Egyptians no incentive to curb their consumption.
The subsidies, in place since the era of socialist President Gamal Abdel Nasser five decades ago, drains foreign currency that could instead be used to pay off debts to foreign energy companies and improve payment terms to encourage investment.
Ask any Egyptian minister about the subsidies, and he will say they must be reformed. But fuel, along with food, is a powderkeg issue in the most populous Arab state. In 1977, a cut in bread subsidies ignited riots against President Anwar Sadat.
People power has helped topple two presidents since 2011.
Like others, Sisi may take stop-gap measures to get through the hot summer months, when demand for fuel soars - although outages are now occurring even in winter. Fearful of public anger over blackouts, the government will probably reduce gas feedstock to energy-intensive cement and steel factories.
"The situation is one of duress, of survival," said Dargin, predicting Sisi will maintain the costly status quo even if it means breaking international commitments.
Companies forced to cut output in periods of peak electricity use in recent years will "have to consider if it's even profitable to stay in Egypt for the long term", he said.
Industry experts also predict that Sisi will keep breaking contracts with foreign companies such as BG and diverting gas promised for export to satisfy domestic demand.
BG's problems in Egypt have affected its LNG unit so much that it issued a profit warning last month. Blaming political turmoil in Egypt, BG cut production forecasts for the year and served "force majeure" notices to affected buyers and lenders. (ID:nL5N0L10FU)
SUPPLY SHORTAGES
Since the beginning of this year, Egypt has been diverting the maximum amount of natural gas produced by BG and its Malaysian partner Petronas based on pipeline capacity constraints, said Martijn Murphy of Wood Mackenzie.
"The government priority will be on guaranteeing power generation, which accounts for the bulk of supply, so it will try and minimize shortfalls to this sector," said Murphy.
"Industry is likely to bear the brunt of supply shortages."
Companies will not press ahead with new development unless they get guarantees on future export volumes.
Egyptians expect miracles from Sisi. Foreign companies will look for signs he is willing to reform the energy sector.
The stakes are high.
If Egypt can't persuade companies to exploit its gas reserves, it will be forced to spend more hard currency on energy imports, creating the same dilemma it faces with wheat.
Egypt is the world's biggest importer of wheat because inefficiency and corruption undermine farming along the Nile.
Oil Minister Sherif Ismail hopes Egypt can satisfy its ever-growing energy demand from own resources, but acknowledges the government will have to resort to imports.
Until Egypt deals with issues obstructing gas output by foreign firms, it "will have to cover all its energy needs with imports, either gas or crude oil", he told Reuters last week.
Doing so while keeping prices artificially low domestically will doom attempts to improve Egypt's finances. Although foreign reserves have been boosted by Gulf aid, they are only half pre-2011 levels, limiting the government's scope to buy fuel.
Energy imports would also send a discouraging signal to foreign companies, which are becoming increasingly reconciled to the prospect of LNG exports halting entirely this summer, said Peter Hutton, an analyst with RBC Capital Markets in London.
He said Egypt was locked in a vicious circle given its inability to import LNG. "If you can't get gas in, some tough choices will have to be made. The easiest is not to export."
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